Essay on Escalation of Violence - 1812 Words

The dramatic escalation of violence committed by and against people is shocking (Eron et al., 1994). Although according to Federal Bureau of Investigation, the murder rate in the year 2009 dropped almost 7.2 percent in comparison of the murder rate of 2008. Similarly crime rate of crimes like rape and assault had been decreased up to 4.2 percent each and crime rates of robbery and burglary fell by 1.7 percent and 4.2 percent respectively (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009) but still the violence among the youth has increased sharply. There is no simple explanation for the presence of aggression, nor is there any obvious, easy way to reduce it. The fundamental basis of violence is absolutely clear: the human capacity for aggression.†¦show more content†¦Such cues can have very strong affects, increasing aggression among people who are in a neutral mood as well as among those who have been angered by provocation. Is Violence Learned? Violent behavior is strongly affected by learning. Rewards obtained by aggression today increase its use tomorrow. Such rewards come in two flavors: †¢ Positive Reinforcement: when desired outcome are obtained †¢ Negative Reinforcement: when undesirable outcomes are prevented or stopped Based on this approach Albert Bandura presented psychological social learning theory. It emphasizes that we learn from the example of others as well as from direct experience with rewards and punishments. Models influence the prosocial, helpful behavior. They also affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. Research has amply demonstrated that a wide range of aggressive models can elicit a wide range of aggressive imitation. The impact of adult R-rated, sexually violent material on sexually related attitudes and beliefs was investigated in a field study that arranged for 115 college students to attend movies at campus theatres (Malamuth and Check, 1981). Half of these students saw the commercially successful movies Swept away and The Gateway, both of which depict women who become sexually aroused by a sexual assault and romantically attracted to their assailant. The other half watched feature-length movies without sexuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Law Enforcement in Curbing Gang Violence1041 Words   |  4 Pagespart of human history since Ancient Times (Rome, Greece, the Middle Ages, etc.). In most countries, gang violence patterns the sociological development of society and the evolution of criminal activity - as criminal activity becomes more sophisticated, so do gang activities. While most sociological theories tie gang behavior to youth violence, one can trace a number of changes in gang violence to the way organized crime has evolved in the United States (Franzese, et al., 2006). At the beginning ofRead MoreThe Risk And Management Of Future Violent Behavior1643 Words   |  7 Pageschosen structured professional assessment, to measure John’s risk factors and to prevent further violence in the future (Douglas Kropp, 2002). SARA considerations Criminal history: John is a persistent violent offender with previous convictions of spousal assault, placing him at higher risk of recidivism in the future (Sonkin, 1987). Statistics indicate severe rates for repeated domestic violence at 73%, suggesting three-quarters of domestic violent offenders, are at risk of recidivism (HomeRead MoreThe Fight Club By Chuck Palahniuk1309 Words   |  6 PagesKoby Gordon Mr. Smith Senior English: Fight Club Essay 8 September 2014 Violence as a Coping Method In the novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, what it means to be alive is examined through violent underground boxing rings, featured in cities around the world. The story follows an unnamed narrator, who lives a monotonous yet well off life, and his alter ego, Tyler Durden, a more freethinking and violent character, as he explores himself and the essence of living through participating in a fightRead MoreThe International Association Of Chiefs Of Police Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesa legitimate police purpose.† Based on a study done in various US cities, excessive force â€Å"is typically but not necessarily associated with more severe forms of force that could or do result in injury or death.† Recent prominent cases of police violence include Michael Brown, a black teenager shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, MO and Eric Garner, a 43 year old black male in Staten Island, NY whom police officer Daniel Pantaleo put into a chokehold until he asphyxiated.Read MoreThe Final Step In Stopping Isis In The Middle East Is To1526 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies and actions that need to be put in place in order to move the conflict toward de-escalation. Transparency International explains, â€Å"when disenfranchised populations see [†¦] their governments fail to deliver services, people get angry [†¦and] turn to other bodies for protection, swelling the ranks of insurgent or organised crime groups. Corruption breeds inequality, which has been shown to increase violence† (Transparency International 2015). In Iraq, as previously discussed, ISIS was able toRead MoreEvaluation Of An Individual s History And Early Life Span Phases Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesare more prone to pursue the criminal life than others. The phases of the life span include the onset, continuance, escalation/de-escalation, and desistance. The onset phase is the reasons why individuals start committing crime. Continuance involves the reasons the crimes keep occurring. The escalation phase involved the reasons behind the crime becoming more severe. The de-escalation phase is the reason why the crimes diminish in severity or frequency. Finally, the desistance phase explains why offendersRead MoreThe Brockton Neighborhood Health Center1316 Words   |  6 Pagesopposed argued that the location for the Health Care would draw unwanted deprived people to their community creating an unsafe environment for the business and citizens of Brockton, and in addition those individuals seeking free healthcare would create violence, (fear of the unknown.) On the other hand those supporters of the Brockton Health Care argued that the health care needs of the diverse population must be met, that one of the reasons for the health disparit ies was the poverty stricken populationRead MoreWhat Interpersonal Helping Skills Can You1183 Words   |  5 Pagesthe client. In addition, by addressing issues a client has beforehand can help to diffuse or prevent violence and being prepared when meeting with clients can also decrease the likelihood of something occurring. Of course, things can happen that are unexpected, however, being aware of the escalation of violence can help a social worker to approach the situation that is less likely to provoke violence and having training and classes can help a social worker to learn how to use appropriate skills andRead MoreHolding Social Media Accountable For Violence. Today’S1291 Words   |  6 Pages Holding Social Media Accountable for Violence Today’s world has certainly changed over the years and with media expanding to platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, news has expanded to a vast majority. Over recent years, platforms such as Facebook have allowed the viewing of decapitations, rapes, bullying in schools, gang threats, and even murders to be broadcasted live. Seemingly more of such violence is occurring and being distributed over these social platforms. For instance, the recent liveRead MoreThomas Rid’s Arguement on the Impossibility of Cyber War Essay862 Words   |  4 Pageswar, borrowed from Carl von Clausewitz, is that war must constitute three elements: violence, instrumental and political. (Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, 2012) Therefore, his main argument against the possibility for cyber war is premised on the idea that cyber war can never have or express the above three elements. He further argues that at best, cyber war can achieve some of the above criteria such as violence but only t hrough intermediaries; however, he does not see how cyber war can meet all

Essay on Voltaires Candide Character Analysis - 1426 Words

Voltaires Candide Character Analysis Voltaires Candide seems to display a world of horror, one filled with floggings, rapes, robberies, unjust executions, disease, natural disasters, betrayals and cannibalism. Pangloss, the philosopher, has a constant optimistic view throughout the entire novel even despite all of the cruelty in the world. While looking back on the book I couldnt think of many characters that displayed admirable qualities. Even though Pangloss stuck to his views that everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds, which is admirable, he is stupid and naive to still believe this after everything he and his family goes through. It was quite hard for me to find admirable characters within Voltaires†¦show more content†¦4 Pg. 23). The Anabaptist Jacques is a notable exception. He is one of the most generous and human characters in the novel, but he is also realistic about human faults. Jacques acknowledges the cruelty, greed and violence of mankind, but still offers kind and meaningful charity to anyone who needs it. His charity isn?t just limited to people he is familiar with even, he reaches his hand out to strangers in the street, a truly admirable characteristic. Jacques is unlike Pangloss, the philosopher who hesitates when the world requires him to take action. Jacques studies both human nature and more importantly, acts to influence it, a combination Voltaire seems to see as ideal but very rare. On their way to Lisbon Jacques tries to save a sailor who almost falls overboard. He saves the sailor but falls overboard and the sailor, who he had just saved, does nothing to help him. Although Jacques dies shortly after he is introduced to us his appearance helps us to see that there is some good in the world, it is just rare. His death might possibly have been to represent Voltaire?s criticism of the belief that evil is always balanced by good. Jacques is good and looses his life while saving the sailor who is selfish and evil. This doesn?t seem like a balance but a situation of evil surviving good. Although Jacques is by far the most admirable character in the book, the ?old woman? is also admirable. TheShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Candide in Voltaires Candide1860 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Candide According to the author, naming the main character Candide was done on purpose and was not an accident at all. As explained in the introduction, the name is based upon the Latin word candidus, meaning white, and leading eventually to our modern candidate. One could then easily draw the figurative assumption of Candide being spotless, unadulterated, and innocent. However, Candide according to the story may not necessarily been all that innocent considering the fact that he also had anRead MoreCharacter Analysis: Voltaires Candide1827 Words   |  8 PagesEnlightenment poem â€Å"Candide† translated into Romanticism Voltaire’s â€Å"Candide or Optimism† was written in the enlightenment era. Voltaire’s story is published in The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Voltaire’s character Pangloss is a philosophy who taught about the all-powerful God, who created the world. Pangloss indicated the world must belong to God, for he was the only divine creator. Pangolss was also a mentor to Candide, who was the main character in the novel. Candide had a goodRead MoreThe Influence of Voltaires Philosophical Works on the French Revolution1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Influence of Voltaire’s Philosophical Works on the French Revolution The philosophical works of Voltaire, such as Candide, influenced the beginning of the French Revolution, promoting new ideas and concepts. Voltaire used both wit and sarcasm to prove his points against injustice and cruelty. Voltaire was exiled to England for many years, and while there, he became influenced by the English government systems, associated himself with Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Sir Francis Bacon. VoltaireRead MoreVoltaires Use Of Distortion1620 Words   |  7 PagesSimi Singh Ms. Russell Humor and Satire (H) Sept. 20, 2017 Candide Essay Prompt: In questioning the value of literary realism, Flannery O Connor writes: I am interested in making a good case for distortion because I am coming to believe that it is the only way to make people see. Following your study of Candide, write an essay in which you examine Voltaire’s use of distortion; how is he using it and to what extent does he succeed in â€Å"mak[ing] people see†? In other words, how did Voltaire incorporateRead MoreThe s Candide And The Old Woman Arrive Of Cadiz, And Of Their Embarkation1422 Words   |  6 PagesVoltaire’s Candide, or Optimism is widely regarded as a work of the enlightenment period and offers a satire on philosophy, religion and current events (of the time). This essay aims to provide an analysis of Chapter 10: In what distress Candide, Cunà ©gonde and the old woman arrive in Cadiz, and of their embarkation. Firstly considering terms of context this essay will look at the way knowledge of philosophy and attitudes towa rds women illuminate the readers understanding of the passage. SecondlyRead MoreCritical Analysis on Voltaire’s Candide, â€Å"Eldorado†2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe story of Candide, â€Å"Eldorado† and what the meaning is, has been one of debate as to what Voltaire was interpreting in the story by some authors. The scene of Eldorado is the visual philosophy of Voltaire’s thoughts of what an ideal society would be. It is a land of richness and where there is a state of being equal in status, rights, belief, and opportunity; it is free of greed, claiming titles or importance, religious strife or contention, and there is no suffering (Mason 55). Eldorado also bringsRead MoreOptimism as a Theme for Candide Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesOptimism as a Theme for Candide Just as on the title, Candide, or Optimism, Optimism is also used as a major theme. Voltaires satire of philosophical optimism is one of the major issues of Candide. Throughout the story, satirical references to the best of all possible worlds contrast with natural catastrophes and human wrongdoing. According to Wikipedia, optimism, the opposite of pessimism, is a lifeview where the world is looked upon the as a positive place. Optimists generally believe thatRead MoreVoltaire s Candide And Dostoyevsky s Notes From Underground1870 Words   |  8 PagesWhile there have been many brilliant works created to provide emphasis to the importance of moderation, two philosophers in particular, Voltaire and Dostoyevsky, have conceivably accomplished the most exemplary job of delivering evidence in Voltaire’s Candide and Dostoyevsky’s Notes From Underground. Each use the two concepts of reasoning and currency in different ways to express the importance of moderation. In contemporary society, daring to ask a pertinent question on a social platform is feasiblyRead Morecompare and contrast aphra Bhens Oroonoko the royal slave and candide, or optimism1618 Words   |  7 PagesWRITE AN ESSAY OF 1,500 WORDS IN WHICH YOU COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE TWO PASSAGES BELOW, TAKEN FROM BEHNS _OROONOKO_ OR THE ROYAL SLAVE AND VOLTAIRES _CANDIDE_, OR OPTIMISM. IN YOUR DISCUSSION PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE WAYS IN WHICH THE CONTEXTS OF EUROPEAN COLONISATION AND EXPLORATION INFORM THE TWO PASSAGES. Aphra Bhen was a prolific female playwright and author during the restoration period of English history. Bhen herself stood by the power of the monarchy. Her book _Oroonoko_Read More The Naive Protagonists of Candide and Forrest Gump Essay example3382 Words   |  14 PagesThe Naive Protagonists of Candide and Forrest Gump      Ã‚   Society can be, and is, corrupt in many different ways. Within our lives we are subject, but not limited to, corruptions within religion, corruptions of morals, and corruption within the government. Voltaire, the author of Candide, and Robert Zemeckis, the director of Forrest Gump, both use grotesquely naà ¯ve protagonists to illustrate their view of the world in which they live. Nevertheless, Candide and Forrest, surrounded by a

Table of Common Latin Pronouns

Flashbacks Nightmares During Pregnancy Essay - 2287 Words

Nightmares During Pregnancy By:- Aditi Kapoor Its true that during pregnancy or shorty after they’ve given birth dream perception of the people changes. But have you wondered why this happens? (Of course, We’re talking to the women in this post, but you men can feel free to read along and learn something as well). Many women complaints that they encounter dreams about miscarriages or some miss happening to their baby, not only dreams related to the pregnancy but themselves too or about family or anything related to them. During this period of time many women also encounter problems of hallucinations. This post will hopefully help you to understand why people have nightmares during early pregnancy (And even later) and what you can do about it, or what you can do to relieve some of the vividness and ‘scariness’ of it all, to make your experience more enjoyable. After all, no one REALLY wants to wake up at 3 in the morning sweating after a vivid nightmare, do they. We’ll explain a little bit about these types of dreams and then at the end of the post we’ll give some tips and tricks regarding what you can do to stop having these nightmares. Some nightmares during pregnancy will be unavoidable, but you can certainly reduce the number of bad dreams you have. Okay, so let’s look at what happens during pregnancy and why it could affect your dreams in a negative way.. Types of dreams As we are talking about the nightmare stuff, so lets start with the the types of most commonShow MoreRelatedAbortion: Is It Murder?1524 Words   |  7 Pagesher body. Although, the unborn baby inside a woman is still a person living, and terminating that pregnancy is the same thing as murder. No one should have the choice to commit murder. Abortion is honestly wrong because the laws prohibiting abortion help to keep people from playing God for selfish reasons. According to the â€Å"Guttmacher Institute,† in the United States about 1.6 million pregnancies end in abortion. Women with incomes under eleven thousand dollars are over three times more likelyRead MoreShould We Outlaw Abortion? Essay example1045 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendments reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a womans decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. (White, 94) But in time of this revolutionary court deciding, Norma McCorvey was too late to get the very abortion she was fighting for. She delivered child and immidelty the baby as given up for adoption. But it was the case Roe vs. Wade thatRead MoreSexual Assault And Its Effects On Society1389 Words   |  6 Pagesinstances, the victim will blame themselves for what has happened to them. Physically, there is nearly always damage in the affected areas (vagina, anus, penis, breasts, etcetera) that can lead to painful tissue damage. There is also the risk of pregnancy or STD’s that the victim must be aware of. Psychosocially, the victim becomes distant with everyone they were once close to. Their level of trust declines dramatically, causing relationships with spouses, family, and close friends to crumble. SinceRead MoreAbortion Is The Termination Of A Pregnancy After, Accompanied1435 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, o r closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. People have used the negative psychological effects of abortion as a basis to either promote or discourage abortion; making it one of the most highly debated topics for years. Many studies argue that abortion can lead to serious mental illness as people have disclosed effects ranging from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, sexualRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Child Sexual Abuse1467 Words   |  6 Pagesadults Many perpetrators of sexual assault are in position of trust or responsible for the child’s care, for instance, a family member, teacher, coach or priest. A study shows that the combination of lack of care and either physical or sexual abuse during childhood is strongly associated with an elevated risk of adult homelessness. Adults who experienced a combination of a lack of care and either child physical or sexual abuse were 26 times more likely to have been homeless than those with no experiencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1652 Words   |  7 Pages culture, or religion. It is not uncommon for men to experience spousal abuse. However, in reality abuse done by men towards women is a much more common occurrence. Men often abuse women as a result of negative domestic relationships experienced during childhood, the feeling of inadequacy and mental illness. However, the leading cause for this behaviour is the feeling of inferiority and the need to exert power. Stereotypically, the man in a relationship is seen as the protector, however in an abusiveRead MoreThe Job Of Her Dreams1716 Words   |  7 Pagestwenty-eig ht million women in the United States have had one or more abortions. These were women who were challenged and stressed by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy, and the people on whom they normally would rely for support in difficult circumstances were unable, unwilling or unavailable to help with the crisis pregnancy. Boyfriends, even husbands, said they weren’t ‘ready for fatherhood.’ A woman who lacks the willing support and encouragement of the father to help raise the child isRead MoreIs Abortion a Defendable Idea on Moral Ground? Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesThis crucial yet sensitive issue continues to negatively affect the lives of humans. According to Tom Head (2003), abortion is destroying the physical and spiritual body. â€Å"It is the intentional termination of a pregnancy after conception. It allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, and involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus†. At the moment of conception, the emb ryo or fetus becomes alive. This new life now, imposes on us a moral obligation to preserve it. Let us also examine theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscusses of how the plant is a main factor in the causing of bronchitis, but states that this is only a proposed theory and unproven still at today s date. He does note that the plant will enter the woman s bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy. Evidence indicates the plant is transferred to breast milk. This could cause spontaneous abortion and babies born at a lower weight (Kleber 139). Possibly the most controversial benefit of marijuana, the medicinal use. It has been provenRead More Abortions and Mens Rights Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageschild. He is denied any rights to defend his child he cannot say one word about the continued existence of his child in the womb. The Supreme Court’s decision literally stripped the father of all his parental rights regarding his own flesh and blood during the first nine months of his son or daughter’s life. Only at birth can he engage in the child’s life and have full rights along with obligations granted to him. How is it that the courts paved the way for women to dispose of a fetus if they want to

Kool-Aid Plus with Centrum Free Essays

Kool-Aid has been a drink of choice for kids for the past two decades. It is known for a tasty, cool, and refreshing taste for many generations of children and their parents. Kool-Aid has been able to identify their target market and market towards the specific needs of these families. We will write a custom essay sample on Kool-Aid Plus with Centrum or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kool-Aid has always been very affordable however, not the most healthiest of choices. The environment of marketing towards families today has swayed towards being more health conscious. Health issues are becoming a main concern for parents because of the growing number of obese and inactive children who live in the United States. Kool-aid has now found a way to make its product new and improved to the more health conscious consumer. It’s called Kool-Aid Plus. The company is strongly committed to providing moms and kids a product that combines the great flavor of Kool-Aid while providing a â€Å"better for kids† beverage option to help support a healthier lifestyle. The goals are to make a real difference for kids that are growing for a healthy lifestyle. The consumer target market: Families, especially mothers, with average incomes and a kid or kids that are over 18 months old to 12 years old. How are we going to target our market: We will attempt to reach our target market by advertising through channels read and watched by mothers. Magazines, such as Better Homes and Gardens or Oprah, are the perfect channels to reach these mothers with families. We will also advertise our product on major television networks watched by women. The Lifetime Network, The Home and Garden Network, The Cooking Channel, and The Oxygen Channel are all good examples of networks watched by women. Major retailers like Wal-Mart or Target would carry our products because they are major superstores. These superstores are great one stop destinations for mothers because these stores carry many products. Mothers will not have to give up their precious time traveling from store to store. The company will also give specific details on how we want our product placed on shelves or displays. Grocery stores will also be primary targets of which we will distribute the product because of the amount of mothers who shop there. These consumers also have the desirable amount of income needed to buy our product. Product development: The idea to make an alternative solution besides regular Kool-Aid was developed because parents are becoming more educated about kid’s health and fighting child obesity that has been an issue across America. Since Kool-aid has instructions to add a significant amount of sugar content rather higher than other kid’s drinks, we decided to make the product with less added sugar and cobrand it with Centrum for kids. Parents will have to worry less about their child’s daily vitamin intake. The product will still not be the healthiest of products however, it provides competition with healthier drinks like V8 and milk. The product will also be able to compete with soda. It may not provide the taste of soda however, it is a significantly healthier solution. [pic] As you can see from the Nutrition Facts there is low fat and cholesterol however, there is a significant amount of sugar. Instead of 7 grams of sugar the company would like to lower the amount to around 5 grams. The less sugar intake along with Centrum Vitamins will allows the company not to sway too far from the original taste of the product. Price Point: The price will vary depending on the product of quantity. Kool-aid plus will be priced slightly higher than the regular kool-aid products. Regular Kool-Aid packets are around 50 cents, the company plans on selling Kool-aid Plus for 55 cents. This will keep our existing customers because of the slight differential however, allows the company to sustain higher revenues. The price will also help place the product as being better than the previous Kool aid products. Promotion: The Kool-aid mascot is seen by mothers and children and is easily identifiable. We have decided to add a headband to the Kool-aid mascot to show that he is more health conscious now. He will emphasize the importance of daily vitamins in child’s lives. Placement: We will try to hit heavily on commercials between 8:00 a. m – 12:00p. m on Saturdays because of cartoons. Our hope is that children will be excited about the Kool-aid mascot and will encourage their mothers to buy it. We will also have the product placed at the end of the aisles in grocery stores to bring attention with people who walk by. The marketing mix will have to be perfectly used in order to promote and sell Kool-aid Plus. By identifying our target market which are mothers and families with children and average incomes, and advertising towards that market, we hope that our product will sell. Advertising will need to be directed towards these mothers by using media channels directed towards mothers. Magazines, such as Better Homes and Gardens and Oprah, are examples of where printed advertisements will be effective. There are media channels such as commercials on networks largely watched by mothers such as lifetime and The Soap Opera Network where women could see the commercials. The product will be located in one stop superstores as well as grocery stores so the product will be easily accessible for women. We want to position our product on ends of aisles as well as near water so the product will be seen as complementary with other groceries. Our hope is to offer a product that is healthier than our previous products and still has that great Kool-Aid taste. How to cite Kool-Aid Plus with Centrum, Papers

Management for Financial and Human Resource - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement for Financial and Human Resource. Answer: Management refers to the administration in an organization that might include either a business, government body or a nonprofit organization (Zuberbier et.al 2016). Thus, management involves the setting of strategy for an organization and at the same time coordinating the employee efforts for accomplishing the objectives with available resources like technological, natural, financial and human resource. The theories of management studies that help in managing an organization are as follows: Classical Theory: The Classical Theory is a well-organized theory of management that helps an organization in planning, staffing, organizing, directing, co-coordinating, reporting and budgeting. The theory also allows choosing between hierarchical or linear bureaucracy and in proper time management and division of labor. Humanistic Theory: The Humanistic Theory of management portrays the need for motivating the employees from time to time for achieving the target within the measured time. However, the motivation factor can come in the form of increment as well as rewards. According to this theory, employees possess maximum power and their motivation plays an important role in reducing their stress. Contingency Theory: The Contingency Theory of management claims that there exists no best theory for organizing management. This theory focuses on the size of an organization and its using, the use of technology and the ambience in which it operates. Fayols theory of management represents a simple model of interaction between the management and the personnel. This theory covers concept in a broader manner so that any business can apply this theory of management (Fayol 2016). According to Fayol theory, five functions of management are crucial to contemporary organization that includes planning, organizing, coordinating and commanding. However, according to the Minztberg theory of management, the managers task is broken down into three areas that include interpersonal, information processing and decision making. The various roles of the manager including a leader, spokesperson and resource allocator is fitted into one of the areas of activity mentioned (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). This theory helps a contemporary organization in mapping their structure and work and at the same time understands the role of the manager. The Katz theory of management puts forward three areas of determination and managerial skills that includes the technical skill, human skill and conceptual skill. According to the theory, they are the key skills necessary for leadership (Northouse, 2015). In this regard, technical skills considered in relation to field, human skills represents communication with the people and conceptual skills focused on setting vision. The similarities between Fayol, Mintzberg and Katz theory of management are as follows: They all focus on the leadership functions of the management with the help of a top down approach. The discussed theory also believes in the categorization and division of labor (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Further, the theories also believe that planning is the initial step of the management process. The differences between Fayol, Mintzberg and Katz theory of management are as follows: The Fayol theory of management specifically focuses on the managers job unlike Mintzberg that focuses on the nature of the managerial task and Katz that represents areas of focus for undertaking the managerial task. The managers must possess the following competencies for effective communication: The managers while communicating must take care of the gestures and facial expression of the employees Managers must maintain honesty They must also speak out what is relevant The focus of the managers is important for effective communication The confidence of the managers is also important for ensuring effective communication Setting the tone and pitch of the speech is also necessary for effective communication. Impartiality is also a quality requirement of a manager for effective communication. The managers must also know the right time for communication. Managerial communication can be of four types like the interpersonal communication, non-verbal communication, written and oral communication. The interpersonal communication is mostly face-to-face whereas the non-verbal communication is through facial expression, gestures, body language and other physical parts (Dasgupta, Suarand and Singh 2012.). Written communication refers to transmission of messages through writing whereas oral implies communication via mouth. For interpersonal communication, the managers must speak what is relevant and for non-verbal communication, the managers must be able to understand the gestures and expressions of the employees. In written communication, the managers must maintain the tone and pitch of the speech. However, for oral communication; the manager must choose the right time to communicate with the employees. A company may have a diverse culture and the managers must ensure the contributions of the diverse workforce under the cultural differences and the language (Drnyei 2014). Therefore, the foundations of effective communication in a diverse workplace are as follows: By learning how the diverse workforce receives communication in the best possible manner: This is important as different culture have different ways of receiving communication. Training international employees with early and ongoing training processes: Cultural confusion and misunderstanding in a diverse culture avoided with ongoing and early training of the employees. Practicing open door communication with care: Careful practice of open door communication will enable employees to bridge the communication gap in a diverse workforce. Slangs and Jargons avoided in the best possible manner: Using jargons and slangs might put across a wrong message in a diverse work culture. Managers must stick to the rules of corporate communication: The managers must not only stick to rules but also ensure that people from all ethnicities and culture can participate in fulfilling the goals and mission of the company. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) defined by business approach that helps in contributing to the sustainable development through delivery of economic, environmental and social benefits of the stakeholders. The firms perspective on the theory of CSR has several implications strategically. Corporate social responsibility is an integral element in defining the business of the firm and differentiation strategies at the corporate level (Brammer, Jackson and Matten 2012). Thus, the implication of CSR is more like a strategic investment for a firm. There are three organizational stances of CSR like reputation, relationship and responsive attitude that ensure includes reputation, relationship and responsive rectitude. The examples of companies in effectively undertaking corporate social responsibility in reaching the ladder of success are Starbucks, Disney and Microsoft (Michelon, Boesso and Kumar 2013). Starbucks ranked fifth as a socially responsible company since the company is always in search of better means in developing sustainable means for producing coffee. On the other hand, Disney has centered its focus on community, volunteerism and community that are some of the areas of social responsibility. Microsoft is the leader focusing on stances of corporate social responsibility through an annual campaign of employee giving. The three key views of ethical behavior include individualism view, utilitarian view and the justice view. The goals of the ethical behavior are to guide an organization in the policies, decisions and programs for business. The goals for ethical behavior in an organization are as follows: Enables treating everyone equally Securing meaningful employment Succeeding in the Business goals Lessening Stress However, the factor that contributes to the ethical and unethical in an organization includes the individual factors like knowledge, personal goals, personality and morals and certain social factors like the cultural norms, internet, friends and family. The key components of leadership are as follows: Integrity and honesty: Great leaders helps in creating an organizational culture based on honesty and integrity Possession of outstanding self awareness: A leader must be aware of his own strength and weakness Positive vision: An outstanding leader has a positive outlook and does not solely focus on any specific initiatives or task. Excellent communication skills: Great leaders possess outstanding communication skills that makes them persuasive and inspirational Team builder capability: A great leader also has unique capacity for team building. The five practices of exemplary leadership are as follows: Exemplary Leaders makes their way by earning respect Exemplary Leaders inspire a shared vision They also challenge the process They allow others to act Exemplary Leaders initiate means that encourages the heart Thus, the key components of leadership align with the five practices of exemplary leadership. The Heroic leadership helps in assuming that the teammates are performing great job. This assumption will change will help in change the way one acts towards their teammates. Therefore, this ensures in influencing the behavior of the team as good or bad (Allison and Goethals 2013). On the other hand, the according to the engaging leadership , a leader is defined to be someone who enables and encourages the organizational development characterized by a culture that is based on transparency, openness, integrity and valuing of others in a genuine manner. This helps in the well being and development of concern for others the ability of uniting different stakeholder group in the articulation of a joint venture and delegating in a manner that develops and empowers potential that is coupled with questioning and as well as strategic and critical thinking. Thus, this kind of leadership theories put forwards an open minded approach that helps organization to cope with change but also remain pr oactive in shaping the future. The Mintzberg managerial style ensures: A figurehead A leader A liaison A monitor A disseminator A Spokesperson An entrepreneur A disturbance handler A resource allocator A negotiator The managers must possess the follo Strategic managementrefers to the constant monitoring, planning, analysis and assessment of everything that is required for meeting the objectives and goals of an organization. The characteristics of strategic management are as follows: It deals with uncertainty since focus on non routine situations that are future oriented. It helps in dealing with complex situations Ensures having an implication that is organization wide Helps in improving the performance of the company on a long term basis Helps in dealing with long term implications The three approaches of Strategic management include: Internally driven organization: Organizations concerned with their past achievements are driven internally and their thinking is inside out. Consumer driven organization: Organizations who tries to be close and listen to the customers are usually customer driven. Market driven organization: Organizations making conscious choice regarding their choice of market they are planning to serve and add value are usually market driven. The three view of managing strategy are as follows: Research based view: This helps in providing an explanation on competitive heterogeneity that is based on the idea that close competitors differs in capabilities and resources in durable and important manner (Nilson 2016). Market based view: This perspective of strategic management stresses on factors like the market in which it is planning to compete Organization/Industrial based view: This perspective of strategic management is a focus on the role of organization in choosing the organization in which they want to operate. Organizational domain represents the customers, goods and services of an organization. Managers should have an idea of the organizational domain since it will help them in determining the strategies in achieving the objectives and goals of the organization. The specific factors of subjective framework in analysis of an organization are as follows: Involves Strategy. The complexity and size of organization. Influence of technology. Influence of environmental turbulence. Attitude of top management Attitudes of personnel. The above mentioned factors help the managers in ensuring optimal and efficient decision making. The managers are also able to understand the economic factors responsible for maximizing profit. Further, the factors also enables the managers assess the emerging alternative of new technology. However, subjective framework is adopted for industrial analysis where the process involves review of work environment, overall development, personnel and operation of a business. The limitations of the ignorance factor of the objective framework include: Provides no alternative offer or solutions Helps in the generation of too many ideas without mentioning which one to be the best Does not help in prioritizing issues Provides a lot of information but everything might not be correct. Organizational analysis helps in assessing the current well being and capacity of an organization and thereby deciding a course of action for improving the long term sustainability of an organization (Powell and DiMaggio 2012). There may be requirements for restructuring when there are problems created by either internal or external forces that have either led to a problem or opportunity for improving the affectivity and efficiency. Thus, a periodic analysis will enable the management in identifying the inefficiencies and problems that already exist or are yet to be addressed and thereby develop necessary strategies in resolving them. Therefore, analysis of the subjective framework is an organization is not easy. The managers however finds it easier in analyzing the objectives since it helps them to identify the problems and sort out existing inefficiencies of an organization and henceforth resolve them. Innovation Management(IM) framework for an organization refers to more than just planning for services , new products, brand extensions or technology inventions and focusing more on imagining, competition and mobilizing in newer manner. Organization needs innovation for the management framework for the following reasons: Improving efficiency Ensures guaranteed success on a long-term basis Increases the success of the market success Ensures decrease in cost Reduction in time for processing Initiates the process of innovation Helps in reducing the risk for becoming obsolete in presence of competitors Ensures improvement in chances of survival for better solutions spawned from new technologies The three components of innovation management framework are clear direction, encouragement and resourcing. Moreover, the framework needs to be protected under situations of conflicting messages. The similarities and differences between idea management, market management and portfolio management are as follows: Idea management refers to the ability of capturing insights or feedback from external and internal stakeholders with the purpose to add the feedback in the release of the future products. Marketing management is an organizational discipline that focuses on practically applying the marketing orientation, methods and techniques inside organizations and enterprises as well as on managing the activities and marketing resources of a firm. However, Portfolio management defined by the science and the art of making decisions regarding the investment mix and policies, matching the investments to the objectives, allocation of asset for institutions and individuals thereby keeping a balancing between the risk and performance. Organizing is an important managerial function in a global society because it enables us with the following: Ensures the Benefit of Specialization: Under organizing, the activities gets divided into various jobs or work and competent people gain expertise in doing the particular job that enables maximum work in minimum time span thereby benefiting the organization. Brings Clarity in Working Relationships: The working relation amongst the employees reaches a clarified through organizing. This also helps in specifying who is to report and to whom. Thus, organizing helps in effective communication and accountability. Optimum Utilization of Resources: The organizing process helps in smaller task division. This discards the option of side tracked or has a fear of duplication that results in optimum utilization of resources in an organization. Enables Adapting to Change: The process of organizing enables an organization in adapting to the change related to the post of employees Ensures Effective Administration: Through the process of organizing, the authority as well as the activity of the manager mentioned clearly Ensures Developing Personnel: Under this process of management, delegation of the authority practiced that helps in discovering better techniques for work Enables Expansion and Growth: This process of management also provides the employee with the freedom for taking decisions that in a way help them to grow However, for instance, the activities in a production department divided amongst a number of workshops in which the actual production will take place. Besides, there might be separate sections created for production related activities like repairs and quality control. Similarly, the activities of other departments can also be sub-divided. Thus, the activities of division and subdivision continue until there is creation of individual positions for performing all kinds of work in the organization. Network production is refers to a concept that refers to nexus of interconnected transactions, operations and functions with the help of which a particular product is distributed, produced and consumed. The key characteristics of Network Production are as follows: Ensuring agility: For instance infrastructure agility must match the agility of the business given the fact that the underlying infrastructure remains responsible for the concerned application Ensuring Scalability: In this context, if the traditional leaf and spine network is concerned will thereby scale only to the capacity of the spine since further scaling might involve re-cabling and re-architecture that might be a costly. Ensuring Integration: In this regard, however, the infrastructure should work in orchestration for delivering application experience. Ensuring Resiliency: The distributed systems works only under a reliable interconnect. Therefore, the network must not only be resilient but also fault tolerant. Ensuring Security: However, with data remaining at the centre of network and with increasing number of organizations closely paying attention to the trends in the big data, security remains an important factor not only for the infrastructure but also for applications and data. References: Allison, S.T. and Goethals, G.R., 2013.Heroic leadership: An influence taxonomy of 100 exceptional individuals. Routledge. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-economic review,10(1), pp.3-28. Dasgupta, S.A., Suar, D. and Singh, S., 2012. Impact of managerial communication styles on employees attitudes and behaviours.Employee Relations,35(2), pp.173-199. 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